Oral pathology refers to the diseases of the mouth jaws and related structures such as salivary glands, temporomandibular joints, facial muscles and perioral skin the mouth is an important organ with many different functions. It is also prone to a variety of medical and dental disorders. The specialty oral and maxillofacial pathology is concerned with diagnosis and study of the causes and effects of diseases affecting the oral and maxillofacial region. It is sometimes considered to be a specialty of dentistry and pathology. Sometimes the term head and neck pathology is used instead, but this might imply that the pathologist deals with otorhinolaryngology disorders ear, nose and throat) in addition to maxillofacial disorders. In this role there is some overlap between the expertise of head and neck pathologists and that of endocrine pathologists

Pediatric dentistry [formerly pedodontics (American English) orpaedodontics (Commonwealth English)] is the branch of dentistry dealing with children from birth through adolescence. Infant oral health exams, which include risk assessment for caries in mother and child. Preventive dental care including cleaning and fluoride treatments, as well as nutrition and diet recommendations. Early assessment and treatment for straightening teeth and correcting an improper bite(orthodontics). Management of gum diseases and conditions including ulcers, short frenulae, mucoceles, and pediatric periodontal disease.

Every interaction between your dental practice and a patient is a component of marketing. In some cases, this will encompass concrete details like the way your office staff answers the phone or the list of services you offer. The need for better dental marketing has increased with the public’s awareness, as well as industry need to develop better services. Because of the flood of information on the internet, average new patient is more aware and educated concerning the aesthetic options available today from a dentist. As a result, a higher quality dentist is being requested that .they have to develop a Comprehensive Marketing Strategy. Dental marketing program is not complete without comprehensive internet marketing. By now, most dental practices possess a fairly upscale website. The next key to your cosmetic dentistry marketing plan is to constantly enhance the user experience of website.

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is an exciting and challenging specialty ofDentistry that combines dental, medical, and surgical knowledge and skills. Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the specialty of Dentistry that concentrates on the diagnosis and surgical management of oral and maxillofacial pathologic conditions, including epithelial diseases andmesenchymal disorders of soft and hard tissues.

Endodontics is that branch of dentistry, concerned with the morphology, physiology, and pathology of the human tooth, and in particular thedental pulp, root and peri-radicular tissues. The study and practice of endodontics includes the biology of the normal pulp, crown, root and peri-radicular tissues and the aetiology, prevention, diagnosis and treatment of diseases and injuries that affect these tissues.

Oral Cancer: Pathophysiology The term oral cancer includes cancers of the mouth and the pharynx. Several types of tissue make up the mouth and oropharynx. Most cases of oral cancer are because of cigarette smoking, heavy alcohol use or the use of both tobacco and alcohol consumptions. The stage of oral cancer is one of the most important factors in evaluating treatment options. A stage I oral cancer tumour means the primary tumour is 2 cm across or smaller and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites. A stage II oral tumour measures 2–4 cm across and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites. The oral tumour is larger than 4 cm across and no cancer cells are present in nearby structures, lymph nodes or distant sites is stage III. Stage IV is the tumour has invaded deeper areas and/or tissues. Depending on the stage of Oral Cancer the type of surgery is recommended. Tumour resection is an operation to remove the entire tumour. Some normal tissue surrounding the tumour is also removed to ensure that no cancer cells remain in the body.

Swollen and bleeding gums are early signs that your gums are infected with bacteria. If nothing is done, the infection can spread. It can destroy the structures that support your teeth in your jawbone. Eventually, your teeth can become so loose that they have to be extracted.  "Peri" means around, and "odontal" refers to teeth. Periodontal disease is caused by bacteria in dental plaque. Plaque is the sticky substance that forms on your teeth soon after you have brushed. You can prevent periodontal disease by practicing good oral hygiene and visiting your dentist regularly. Most people should see the dentist about once every six months. Daily brushing and flossing, when done correctly, can help to remove most of the plaque from your teeth. Oral health is essential to general health and well-being at every stage of life. A healthy mouth enables not only nutrition of the physical body, but also enhances social interaction and promotes self-esteem and feelings of well-being.

Bonding is a procedure that uses a tooth-colored composite resin (plastic) to repair a tooth. Bonding can be used on teeth that are decayed, chipped, broken or discolored. Veneers are thin shells that are bonded to the front parts of teeth. If most of the tooth remains, veneers can improve the look of the tooth without cutting it down enough to place a crown. Veneers are made of ceramic or resin materials. They are similar to artificial fingernails. A dental inlay or onlay is bigger than a filling and smaller than a crown. It is bonded or cemented into place. Dental recontouring involves the removal of small amounts of tooth enamel. The purpose is to change the length, shape or surface contours of a tooth. This is a relatively quick and painless procedure. It is also called tooth reshaping or odontoplasty. Tooth whitening lightens teeth and helps to remove stains and discoloration. Whitening is among the most popular cosmetic dental procedures because it can greatly improve how your teeth look.

Scaling and root planing is the most common and conservative form of treatment for periodontal (gum) disease. Scaling is the removal of calculus (commonly called tartar) and plaque that attach to the tooth surfaces. The process especially targets the area below the gum line, along the root. Scaling and root planing are done with a combination of ultrasonic scalers and hand instruments. Ultrasonic instruments are electric or air-powered. Treating periodontitis decreases gum inflammation. It also eliminates periodontal pockets, which can trap plaque. Therefore, if treatment is successful, the swelling will be gone and your gums will shrink or recede. For two to three days after the treatment, you may have some soreness and be sensitive to hot and cold temperatures. Over-the-counter pain relievers can help.

There are several types of implants. Root-form implants are by far the most popular. Subperiosteal implants and mini-implants are also used. Your dentist decides which type of implant to use based on the quality of the bone in your jaw. An implant-supported denture is a type of overdenture that is supported by and attached to implants. A regular denture rests on the gums, and is not supported by implants. An oral surgeon, periodontist or general dentist with training in implants will place the implants in your jawbone. Bone augmentation is a term that describes a variety of procedures used to "build" bone so that dental implants can be placed. Single-tooth implants can be used in people who are missing one or more teeth. An implant-supported bridge is used when more than one tooth is missing.

Sedation dentistry refers to the use of pharmacological agents to calm and relax a patient prior to and during a dental appointment. The pharmacological agents usually belong to a class of drugs called sedatives, which exert their action by depressing the central nervous system, specifically those areas concerned with conscious awareness. There are different degrees of central nervous system depression, each corresponding to a level of relaxation which ranges from minimal, moderate, to deep sedation. In general, minimal sedation refers to a patient who has reduced anxiety but readily responds to verbal or physical stimulation. With moderate sedation the patient is even more relaxed, and will respond to purposeful stimulation. In deep sedation, the patient may not exhibit any signs of consciousness and therefore be unresponsive to stimulation.

An Akers' clasp is the classic direct retainer for removable partial dentures. Amalgam is an alloy of mercury with various metals used for dental fillings. Centric relation is the mandibular jaw position in which the head of the condyle is situated as far anteriorly and superiorly as it possibly can within the mandibular fossa/glenoid fossa. Crown lengthening is a surgical procedure performed by a dentist to expose a greater amount of tooth structure for the purpose of subsequently restoring the tooth prosthetically. Curve of Spee is the curvature of the mandibular occlusal plane beginning at the tip of the lower cuspid and following the buccal cusps of the posterior teeth, continuing to the terminal molar. Crown-to-root-ratio is the ratio of the length of the part of a tooth that appears above the alveolar bone versus what lies below it.

Gingivitis is the mildest form of periodontal disease. It is caused by bacteria in plaque, which produce substances that can harm the gums. Gingivitis is quite common. Almost 3 out of 4 adults over age 35 have some evidence of this condition. If you have periodontitis, your gums become detached from your teeth. Spaces called pockets form between the teeth and gums. Aggressive periodontitis gets worse faster than chronic periodontitis. Aggressive periodontitis tends to run in families. Bruxism, also known as tooth grinding.Edentulism is the condition of being toothless to at least some degree. Occlusal trauma is a dental term that refers to the damage incurred when teeth are left in traumatic occlusion without proper treatment. Necrotizing periodontal diseases are forms of disease that get worse rapidly.

Acute and long-term (chronic) gum infections require a procedure called scaling and root planning. Some people also may need periodontal surgery. Antimicrobial therapy is the use of chemicals to kill or slow down the growth of bacteria that cause periodontal (gum) disease. The two most common forms of this therapy are antiseptics and antibiotics. Antiseptics are found in mouth rinses. They usually are used to help prevent periodontal disease. Antibiotics are used to kill specific bacteria. They are placed under the gums or given as pills to treat gum disease. Gingivoplasty is a type of gum surgery used to reshape healthy gum tissue around teeth. Side effects from radiation therapy to the head and neck may include dry mouth, tooth decay, loss of taste, mouth and gum sores, bone disease, and stiffness in the jaw.

Gingivectomy is the removal of gum tissue (gingiva) by surgery. These dentists specialize in treating gums and the other structures that support teeth. Osseous surgery is a type of surgery that reshapes the bone that holds one or more teeth in place. Osseous surgery reshapes the bone to get rid of the defects. Gingival flap surgery is a type of gum procedure. The gums are separated from the teeth and folded back temporarily. This allows a dentist to reach the root of the tooth and the bone. In an apicoectomy, the root tip, or apex, is removed along with the infected tissue. A filling is then placed to seal the end of the root. A pulpectomy is required when the entire pulp is involved. During this treatment, the diseased pulp tissue is completely removed from both the crown and root.

Orthodontics is a specialty field of dentistry that diagnoses, prevents and treats irregularities of the teeth and face. Treatment can correct an irregular or "bad" bite, also known as a malocclusion. The Invisalign method is gaining an increasing interest as an alternative treatment option in adult patient in multidisciplinary complex cases to simplify the treatment plan. Orthodontic implants have become a reliable method in orthodontic practice for providing temporary additional anchorage. These devices are useful to control skeletal anchorage in less compliant patients or in cases where absolute anchorage is necessary. Cleft lip and palate is usually treated with surgery. Other treatments may be needed to treat associated symptoms, such as speech therapy or dental care.

A bone graft is used to recreate bone and soft supporting tissues lost due to gum disease. It's also called regenerative surgery. People with periodontitis lose gum coverage and bone support around their teeth. Regenerative surgery regrows these lost tissues. Soft-tissue grafts are used to add more gum tissue. If gums recede severely, some of the tooth's root will be exposed. This can make the tooth sensitive to hot or cold temperatures and more prone to root decay. Before your surgery, you need to have basic periodontal treatment called scaling and root planting. You also must be taking good care of your teeth. You should brush twice a day and floss daily. After your surgery, you may have some bleeding and swelling. There is a risk that an infection may develop. Typically, there are no long-term side effects after soft-tissue grafting.

Amalgam is a mixture of silver, tin, zinc, copper and mercury. Mercury is nearly 50% of the mixture. Amalgam fillings are strong. They can withstand the forces of chewing. A mixture of plastic and fine glass particles called composite resin. Gold alloy (gold mixed with other metals) used in cast gold as Gold doesn’t corrode. Porcelain, most commonly used in ceramics filling. Ceramics are more resistant to staining and abrasion than composite resin. Acrylic and a component of glass called fluoroaluminosilicate. Glass ionomers release fluoride, which can help protect the tooth from further decay.

The first visit provides an opportunity to get to know you and establish what you would like to achieve in terms of long-term dental health. A smile doesn’t just indicate healthy teeth and gums; your dental health also plays a significant role in how confident you feel. They will help you to have a comfortable set of teeth so you can eat with comfort. Make a positive change and feel so much better by boosting your self-esteem and gain more confidence. No patient wants the pain and inconvenience of a cracked tooth. Avoiding a cracked tooth is oftentimes not rocket science. It can sometimes happen unexpectedly but most times it is preventable.